In the first part, we explored what powers a single AI output – from the computational intensity of large language models to the vast data centre infrastructure that keeps them running. We are now going to forward on energy forecasts – and the challenges around making the right assumptions.

When you type a question into ChatGPT and receive a response, the exchange consumes approximately 0.3 to 0.4 watt-hours of electricity. According to OpenAI’s Sam Altman, an average query uses around 0.34 Wh, while independent measurements of GPT-4o recorded approximately 0.43 Wh for a typical prompt.

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Current fashion supply chains are ranked amongst the most wasteful and polluting on earth, built on extraction of large amounts of natural resources and a linear production and consumption process…